In this unit we are going to review places, professions, transports and things we can find in a town or city. Watch this video to see different places we find in a town or city.
Exercise 1.- Can you say the name of these places?
Fuente de los dibujos
If you can´t say the names watch the video again and check!
Exercise 2.- Can you define these places with your own words?
It is the period of time from the invention ot writing 5000 years ago to the the fall of the Roman Empire 476 D.C
During this time, great civilizations developed: Egyptians, Romans, Greeks, Phoenicians and Carthaginians.
In Pre-Roman times, the Iberian Peninsula
was inhabited by two groups of people: the
Iberians and the Celts.
The Iberians
The Iberians inhabited the south and east of the Iberian Peninsula during the bronze Age.. They were organized in tribes headed by a chief. They lived in fortified settlements, called hill forts, built on hilltops. They built rectangular houses. Many Iberians worked as crop and livestock farmers. Some were expert craftsmen and made iron swords, pottery and cloth. Others were warriors and traders. They used their own money for trading and developed their own writing.
The Celts
The Celts appeared in Europe during the Iron age. They lived in the North and Centre of the Iberian peninsula.They lived in walled towns called forts. Their houses were circular, made of stone and straw. They were organized into tribes. They produced their own food because most people were farmers.They were excellent metalworkers and made iron and bronze objects like tools and weapons. They were warriors. Archaeologists have found many Celtic structures and artefacts: coins, jewellery or sculptures. They did not know how to write and did not use money.
The Phoenicians (los Fenicios)
The Phoenicians came from Asia about 2,600 years ago to trade with the people of the Iberian Peninsula. They settled on the south coast of the Iberian Peninsula and founded trading colonies, such as Gadir (Cádiz), Malaka (Málaga) and Sexi (Almuñécar).
They founded Cádiz and Málaga.
The were the best navigators in the Mediterranean.They were excellent sailors and merchants.
They traded and used metal resources: gold, silver, iron and copper.
They brought their alphabet to the Iberian peninsula. They developed the first version of the alphabet we use today.
They used techniques for mining and working with metals.
The Phoenicians lived in city-states.
The Carthaginians ( los cartagineses)
They came from North Africa
They controlled Ibiza and founded Cartagena.
They attached the greek colony of Saguntum.
They were the main cultural influence in Spain.
The Romans defeated the Carthaginians.
The Carthaginians came from the north of Africa to the
Iberian Peninsula about 2,300 years ago. They settled in the
old Phoenician colonies in the east of the Iberian Peninsula
and on the Balearic Islands. They founded new colonies,
such as Cartago Nova (Cartagena) and Ebusus (Ibiza).
They came to the Iberian Peninsula to trade metals. They
made artisan objects, like necklaces, amulets and pots. The Carthaginians were warrior people. They fought with
the Romans to rule the Mediterranean. The victory of the
Romans caused the end of the Carthaginian civilization.
The ancient Greeks
Greece is located in southeastern Europe and is formed by a peninsula and a large number of islands.
They lived in cities called Polis: Sparta and Athens.The polis grew and new colonies were founded: Ampurias and Marseille.
Athens along with Sparta was one of the most powerful polis.
Society was divided into citizens who participated in politics and non-citizens who could not participate( they were foreigners, women and slaves)
They met in a public square called the agora.
Democracy emerged. Citizens gathered and voted.
Religion: they were polytheists: they had various gods.
Theatre: they performed comedies and tragedies.
Sport: they held the Olympic Games every four years.
Art and architecture: They elaborated sculptures such as the Discobolus of Myron and temples such as the Parthenon of Athens.
The ancient Greek civilization began 3,000
years ago in the eastern Mediterranean
Sea. The ancient Greeks lived in small
city-states. In Greek, a city-state was called
a polis. Each city-state had its own
governors, laws and army. The first
city-states were Athens and Sparta.
Some of these city-states were governed
by people elected by free citizens. This was
the origin of democracy.
They expanded their territories and created
colonies. The ancient Greeks took their
government, culture and beliefs to their
colonies.
The ancient Greeks created colonies in the
Iberian Peninsula like Rhode (Rodas),
Emporion (Ampurias), Sagunto and
Hemeroskopeion (Denia).
The colonies were fortified. Life was
organized around the acropolis and the
agora. The acropolis was the area with the most
important buildings, like the temple.
The agora was a square where citizens
walked and debated. The market was in
the agora.
The ancient Greeks brought important
things to the Iberian Peninsula. They
brought the potter’s wheel, to help make
pottery. They also brought money, to help
commerce.
The Romans
The Roman Empire spread throughout the Mediterranean coast. The territory was divided into provinces and each province headed by a governor. The conquest of territories was called Romanization.
The empire was ruled by an Emperor.The senate advised the emperor.The army was organized into legions of 5000 men led by a general.
Society was made up of citizens and non-citizens.The patricians (rich and free) lived in luxurious houses called domus and participated in politics and the plebeyos (peasants, artisans and merchants) who lived in insulas.
Slaves were not considered citizens, they were owned by someone else.
Religion: they were polytheists: they had various gods.
Amusements: the theater, the circus.They go to the hot springs and the amphitheater.The Roman theater of Mérida stands out.
Art and architecture: they built bridges like the one in Alcántara in Cáceres and great buildings.
The city of Rome was founded in 753 B.C. on the
Italian Peninsula. The Roman people created a huge
empire. First, they conquered the whole of Italy. Later, the
Romans conquered other people along the coast of
the Mediterranean Sea.
The Roman Empire lasted until 476 A.D. In that year,
the last Roman Emperor, Augustus, was defeated.
The Roman army
The Roman conquerors had a powerful army.
It was made up of legions. Each legion had
between 5,000 and 6,000 soldiers.
The soldiers were called legionaries.
The training was very tough. The legionaries
were paid a salary and had to stay in the
army for 20 years.
The Roman conquest of Hispania
The Romans and the Carthaginians fought each other
in the Punic Wars. In 218 B.C., the Romans arrived
on the Iberian Peninsula. They quickly defeated the
Carthaginian army and expelled the Carthaginians.
The Romans occupied the Iberian Peninsula and
called it Hispania.
The conquest lasted over 200 years:
The Romans quickly occupied the Mediterranean
coast.
Later, the Romans conquered the tribes who lived
inland. This was more difficult, as the tribes put up
a strong resistance.
Finally, in 19 B.C. the emperor Augustus defeated
the tribes from the north. The Roman conquest of
the Iberian Peninsula was completed.
The organization of Hispania
The Romans divided Hispania into five provinces:
Baetica, Lusitania, Tarraconensis, Gallaecia and
Carthaginensis.
Each province was ruled by a governor.
The Romans introduced the laws of the Roman
Empire. Many of today’s laws are based on Roman
law.
Cities
The Romans founded many cities in Hispania, for
example Tarraco (Tarragona), Emerita Augusta
(Mérida) or Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza).
They were walled towns with straight roads. The
Romans built very solid buildings using cement and
concrete.
The most important buildings were in the main square,
which they called the forum. There were
amphitheatres, where gladiators fought. There were
theatres, where actors performed in comedies and
tragedies. There were circuses, where there were
horse and chariot races. There were baths, where
people went to wash. There were temples,
where people worshipped Roman gods.
They built triumphal arches, roads and bridges. They
built aqueducts to transport water.
Roman society
Roman society was divided into two groups: free
people and slaves. Slaves were owned by another person. Slaves had
no rights and did not have their own things. They
worked on the land, in domestic service, in mines
or as gladiators at the amphitheatre.
Some free people were rich people, called
patricians. Others were craftsmen, merchants and
farmers and were called plebeians. Free people had
rights and could take part in government.
The economy
The main economic activity was trading. A network of
stone roads was built to connect cities and help
trading. One of the older commercial routes is Via
Delapidata, which crosses Spain from north to south.
Other economic activities were mining and crop farming.
Roman houses
The Romans lived in different types of houses:
Domus were private houses for rich people. They
were large homes with an atrium, or patio, in the
centre to let in light.
Insulae were apartment buildings for poor people.
They had three or four storeys. Most Romans lived
in an insula. These buildings were crowded and
uncomfortable.
Villas were luxury Roman
country houses where
rich landowners lived.
The Roman legacy
Life on the Iberian Peninsula changed little
by little. People adapted to Roman culture
and customs. This process is called
Romanization.
Religion and culture
Initially, people in Hispania worshipped
Roman gods. They built temples where
they gave gifts and sacrificed animals.
Gradually they converted to Christianity,
which became the official religion of the
Roman Empire.
Latin was the official language of
Hispania. It replaced all the languages spoken in the
Iberian Peninsula before the Roman
conquest, except for the Basque language.
The other languages now spoken in Spain
evolved from Latin.
Hispano-Roman art
The Romans decorated their buildings in Hispania with
marble and bronze sculptures of their gods and
emperors. They also decorated their walls with
frescoes. These paintings usually showed scenes of
everyday life. The Romans covered their floors with
mosaics. Mosaics consist of tiny coloured tiles made
of stone or glass stuck in plaster.
The Romans left important works of art in Hispania. Many of them can still be seen today.
When the first astronauts went into space
they saw that the Earth was blue. This is
because three quarters of the surface is
covered with water from the oceans.
The hydrosphere is one of the layers
of the Earth. It is made up of all the water
on Earth.
Most of the water of the
hydrosphere is salt water.
97% is water from the
seas and oceans.
Salt water is found in seas and oceans.
There are five oceans: the Indian Ocean, the Arctic
Ocean, the Antarctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and
the Pacific Ocean. They form the salt water on the
Earth’s crust.
Fresh water
Fresh water comes from rivers, lakes and groundwater,
although most of the fresh water on Earth is ice from glaciers,
snow on the mountains and from the poles.
Only 3% of all
the water on Earth is fresh water, the water we can drink.
Surface water and
groundwater
There are two types of fresh water on Earth:
Surface water:This is found on the
surface of the Earth, in rivers and lakes
and as ice in glaciers.
Groundwater: is water that
is deposited under the ground. It collects
from rain that falls through the soil. This
water can form aquifers and
underground rivers.
Rivers
A river is a body of water in continuous movement
that flows to the sea.
The main parts of a river are:the course, the channel
and the flow regime.
Course. The route the river takes.
It has three parts:
1.- Upper course. The land is steep
next to the source.
2.- Middle course. The land is
flatter and the river is wider.
3.- Lower course. This is the very
flat land near the mouth of the
river.
River basin.
This is an area
of land
drained by a
river and its
tributaries.
Channel. This is the area that
contains the flowing water of
the river.
Flow regime.
The flow regime
is the amount of water the river
carries. It can vary depending
on the time of the year.
River Model
The water cycle
Water is always moving around the Earth. We call this
movement the water cycle. The water cycle takes
place between the atmosphere and the Earth’s crust.
1. Evaporation:
The Sun heats liquid water.
It evaporates to form water
vapour in the air.
2. Condensation:
The water vapour passes into
the cold air in the troposphere.
Here, it condenses into tiny
water droplets and forms clouds.
3. Precipitation:
The tiny water droplets form larger,
heavier drops. These droplets fall
from the clouds as rain or snow
onto the Earth’s crust.
4. Collection:
Water in the rivers goes
into the seas and oceans.
The cycle starts again.
Song
Water cycle in a bag
The rivers of Spain
In Spain there are different types of rivers because they
flow through different types of relief and climate.
Relief influences the length of rivers. Rivers are
long if their source is in the mountains far from the
sea. Rivers are short if their source is near the sea.
Climate influences the flow regime. Rivers that
flow through rainy areas have abundant flow
regimes. Rivers that flow through dry areas have low
flow regimes.
Watersheds in Spain
A watershed is an area of land where all the main
rivers flow into the same sea.
The three main watersheds in Spain are theCantabrian, the Atlantic and the Mediterranean
watersheds.
1 The Cantabrian watershed is in the north of Spain. It is
the smallest watershed. All the rivers flow into the
Cantabrian Sea.
The main rivers are the Navia, the
Nalón and the Eo.
The rivers have these characteristics:
The channels run through deep river valleys.
The river courses are short and flow over steep
land because they start in mountains near the sea.
The river basin is small and the relief is
mountainous.
The flow regime is regular and abundant because it rains all year.
2.-The Atlantic watershed is the largest in
Spain. All the rivers flow into the Atlantic
Ocean.
The rivers have these characteristics:
The rivers that flow across the Iberian
Peninsula, for example, the Tajo, are long
because they start in mountains far from
the sea. They have a higher flow regime
in spring and autumn than in summer.
In the Canary Islands there are no rivers,
only gullies. Gullies are channels that
carry water only when it rains.
The main rivers are:
The Miño: Its source is in the Galician
Massif. Its main tributary is the Sil.
The Duero: Its source is in the Iberian
Mountain Chain. Its main tributaries are
the Pisuerga, the Elsa and the Tormes.
The Tajo: Its source is in the Iberian
Mountain Chain. Its main tributaries are
the Jarama and the Alagón.
The Guadiana: Its source is on the plains
of La Mancha. Its main tributaries are
the Cigüela and the Zújar.
The Guadalquivir: Its source is in the
Subbetic Range. Its main tributary is the Genil.
3.-The Mediterranean
watershed
Most of the rivers have these
characteristics: They are short because they
start in mountains near the
sea.
They flow through areas of little
rain, so they have a low flow
regime. In some places the
climate is so dry that there are
only gullies.
The main rivers are the Júcar,
the Segura and the Ebro.
1.-The Ebro is the longest river in
the Mediterranean watershed.
Its source is in the Cantabrian
Range. Its upper course flows
through areas where it rains and
snows a lot. For this reason it
has the most abundant flow
regime in Spain.
The main tributaries of the Ebro
are the Segre and the Jalón.